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This is done in the spring and the fall. Core aeration is the physical removal of thatch and soil plugs from your lawn. This improves oxygen levels in the soil, reduces thatch buildup, enables water and nutrients to get into the soil. Relieves soil compaction at the surface. The cores should be left on the lawn so watering and weathering can break up the soil plugs into a fine soil topdressing. This topdressing will filter into the thatch layer and create organic activity which will help decompose some of the thatch. If excess thatch balls are hanging around too long after aeration they may need to be cleaned up but most often this is not necessary.